How OneDrive safeguards your data in the cloud, including the Personal Vault feature:
MFA (Multi-factor authentication) with external users on Onedrive or Sharepoint specific shares:
Azure AD Premium needed to setup MFA with external users:
https://www.royaldiscount.com/blog/azure-ad-premium-plan-comparison/
Sharing with External users:
https://www.windowscentral.com/share-files-external-users-through-onedrive-business-and-sharepoint
Sharing with email verification code process:
https://mspoweruser.com/microsoft-rolls-secure-external-sharing-experience-onedrive-sharepoint/